Theorem. Matched-protocol difference is an estimand [ftip-00K0]
Theorem. Matched-protocol difference is an estimand [ftip-00K0]
Given \(n\geq 1\) evaluation draws, let \(\widehat V_A(C)\) be the sample mean of finite real evaluation scores for architecture \(A\) at a finite cost cap \(C\geq 0\). Under a fixed evaluation law and common-recipe arm, the finite difference \(\widehat V_A(C)-\widehat V_B(C)\) is a well-defined empirical estimand.
It does not identify a causal architecture effect when data, tuning, or systems coordinates differ. The conclusion follows directly from the declared record.